TGFB1 and neoplasm: A recent study by Marrone et al. (2025) demonstrated that while SAFit treatment effectively suppressed intrinsic tumor survival pathways such as NF-κB and TGF-β signaling in melanoma cells in vitro, it concurrently induced an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment characterized by M2 macrophage polarization and CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in a syngeneic mouse model, which ultimately compromised its in vivo efficacy.