QUIN promotes tumors through two mechanisms: it converts to NAD+ via quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), providing glioma cells with energy and substrates for DNA repair, thus supporting survival and proliferation; additionally, QUIN induces tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to polarize toward the immunosuppressive M2 type, aiding immune evasion (Wang et al., 2010; Basak et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2025). Here, QPRT is linked to neoplasm.