CASP3 and osteoporosis: Finally, given the emergence of natural products targeting bone metabolism, such as Yam polysaccharide reported to promote osteoblast differentiation via the CASP3/PI3K/AKT pathway (Yu et al., 2025), and 5-Methoxypsoralen, which targets the Notum/Wnt pathway to combat osteoporosis (Song et al., 2025), exploring potential synergistic effects between γ-Mag and such agents could lead to novel and powerful combination therapies for osteoporosis.