VDR and inflammatory bowel disease: In multiple studies, VDR-deficient mice show markedly worsened LCA-induced hepatotoxicity, altered body and colonic morphology, increased hepatic inflammation and heightened susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) compared to controls, underscoring VDR’s importance in safeguarding against cholestatic injury (Cheng et al., 2014; Dong et al., 2020).