INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), characterized by insulin resistance, is increasingly linked to the pathophysiology of both Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) through shared mechanisms involving insulin signaling dysregulation (Society, 2021; Xurui et al., 2024; Wu et al., 2025).