For instance, Liu et al. demonstrated in a diabetic rat model that the DPP-4 inhibitor LAF237 significantly reduced urinary albumin levels and alleviated glomerular sclerosis and basement membrane thickening (Liu et al., 2012), while in a 5/6 nephrectomized non-diabetic rat model, linagliptin significantly attenuated interstitial fibrosis and proteinuria (Tsuprykov et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene ALB and glomerulosclerosis.