AKT1 and cancer: In cancer cell models, THC and related cannabinoids induce autophagy and cell death through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ceramide accumulation, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, leading to inhibition of Akt/mTORC1 signalling and autophagy induction independent of cannabinoid receptor activation (Salazar et al., 2009).