NT5E and urothelial carcinoma: Regardless, the administration of type 1 IFNs, including IFN-alpha in urothelial carcinoma and IFN-beta in multiple sclerosis (MS), is associated with increased vascular CD73 expression without a change in CD73 expression on lymphocytes or carcinoma cells (Airas et al., 2007; Niemela et al., 2008; Chambers and Matosevic, 2019; Niemela et al., 2004).