This synergy is accomplished through various mechanisms: AE enhances the intracellular retention of chemotherapeutic agents by blocking efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein and reinstates the sensitivity of drug-resistant cancer cells to apoptosis through the modulation of p53 or Bcl-2 family proteins (Qu et al., 2025; Chen et al., 2023; He et al., 2023; Li X. et al., 2024). The gene discussed is ABCB1; the disease is cancer.