However, in the search for novel biomarkers of renal dysfunction, researchers have considered tubular injury indicators, including kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), netrin-1, IL-18 and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), which can serve as early markers of DKD (Thomas et al., 2022; Jayakumar et al., 2014; Fiseha and Tamir, 2016). Here, HAVCR1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.