A long-term study of patients with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria revealed that baseline serum KIM-1 levels were strongly associated with the rate of decline in eGFR and the risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) over a 5- to 15-year follow-up period (Sabbisetti et al., 2014). The gene discussed is HAVCR1; the disease is stage 5 chronic kidney disease.