TNF and asthma: Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) are associated with mitigated T2 inflammation (37).Our study compared cytokine expression profiles between patients with non-type 2 (non-T2) and T2-high asthma, stratified by age, to elucidate the immunologic mechanisms underlying these distinct endotypes.