PIK3CA and colorectal carcinoma: For example, ubiquitination influences tumor growth and apoptosis through degradation of suppressors (e.g., p53) and activation of oncogenic signaling (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K]-AKT serine kinase [AKT] pathway) (6), while histone methylation and acetylation remodel chromatin and reprogram gene expression (7).However, most CRC studies have focused on individual PTM types or isolated signaling pathways, leaving the broader PTM regulatory network and its interconnected architecture largely unresolved, which in turn limits reproducibility and reduces translational impact.