NFKB1 and insomnia measurement: Modern pharmacological research has found that HWT may exert its anti-insomnia effects by regulating IL-6, cyclin D1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and oligofructose levels, thereby modulating nuclear receptor activity pathways, neurotransmitter binding pathways, and NF-κB signaling pathways, among others (Shi et al., 2023).