EPAS1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Emerging or preliminary mechanisms, supported by compelling but currently limited evidence from specific models, encompass: (1) the induction of ferroptosis by AT-II in hepatocellular carcinoma via the TRAF6/NF-κB pathway [63]; (2) immunoproteasome activation and enhanced MHC-I antigen presentation by AT-I, primarily studied in CRC models [69,102]; (3) IDO-mediated immune modulation by AT-III via Jak3/STAT3 inhibition [70]; and (4) autophagy promotion through specific targets like EPAS1/HIF-2α or Beclin-1, which requires further validation for its precise role in antitumor outcomes [58,66].