LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Recent review evidence underscores that while conventional biomarkers such as serum creatinine lack sufficient sensitivity and timeliness, a broad array of emerging biomarkers (including Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, hypoalbuminemia, hyperuricemia) demonstrate significant but heterogeneously validated predictive associations with CA-AKI [6].