Notably, blockade of MIF activity was shown to reduce WISP1-induced MMP1 and MMP2 expression as well as MMP1/TIMP1 and MMP2/TIMP2 ratios, while exogenous MIF enhanced all examined MMPs, suggesting that the WISP1/MIF axis broadly enhances MMP expression, contributing to a pro-invasive phenotype in non-invasive breast cancer cells. Here, CCN4 is linked to breast carcinoma.