TNF and necrotizing enterocolitis: Lee et al. [71] reported that the synergistic use of curcumin-enriched turmeric oil and chili oil effectively inhibited necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a fatal intestinal disease in broilers, by modulating the mRNA expression of intestinal inflammatory factors (downregulating TNF-α and IL-6, upregulating IL-10) and reducing the production of Clostridium perfringens toxin (the primary pathogenic factor of NEC).