TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Several factors are considered to induce T2DM, including obesity and the resulting metabolic dysfunction of abdominal adipose tissue, which leads to an alteration in triglyceride (TG) storage, an increase in the rate of lipolysis, and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, like alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) by visceral adipose tissue [10].