BAX and interstitial cystitis: Regarding human studies, a study in 23 women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) that assessed the effect of the treatment with bladder biopsies revealed a reduction in Bax and phospho-p38 (p-p38) expression after a single BoNT/A treatment and additional reduction in tryptase, 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein and apoptotic cell counts, which could imply an anti-inflammatory role of BoNT/A in patients with IC/BPS [14].