Further studies have shown that TGF-β has complex roles at different stages of OC development and across different OC histopathological types, where TGF-β can induce apoptosis in ovarian surface epithelial cells and low-grade serous carcinomas, but can also stimulate invasiveness and EMT activation in xenografts of human serous borderline tumors and HGSOCs [81]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is serous adenocarcinoma.