Alike GM-CSF, a significant but mild increase in median levels of VEGF in all leukaemic cell types was only observed after stimulation by PMA + I. In BCP-ALL cells, PMA + I caused about a 2.7-fold increase in median VEGF level as compared to control (397.5 pg/mL, p < 0.0001). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is acute lymphoblastic leukemia.