CCL2 and myeloid sarcoma: Furthermore, astrocytic activation has been shown to promote T cell infiltration into the CNS by expressing vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) [145], increase the expression of CCL2, contributing to of immune cells recruitment during chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; the primary animal model for MS) [146], cause the upregulation of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in post mortem MS tissue and EAE mouse model [147,148].