NANOG and neoplasm: As shown in Figure 3b–f, expression of DNMT3B, PIWIL1, NANOG, OCT4, and CDH2 was significantly elevated in tumor samples compared to normal controls (p = 8.33 × 10−45, 1.01 × 10−23, 7.76 × 10−6, 3.22 × 10−54, and 1.82 × 10−22, respectively), indicating strong tumor-specific upregulation of these genes.