ESR1 and breast carcinoma: The subsequent section delineates the principal signaling cascades such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), BMP-SMAD, Hippo, and ERα-Src-p190 RhoGAP that govern the pathophysiology of ER+ breast cancer bone metastasis and elucidates the pivotal regulatory proteins that serve as integrative nodes within these interconnected networks.