LCN2 and left ventricular hypertrophy: Experimental studies demonstrate that LCN2 is associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and mitochondrial stress, while elevated circulating levels in humans correlate with left-ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction; however, whether LCN2 itself is causally pathogenic or reflects systemic inflammatory burden remains to be clarified in chronic kidney disease [89,90].