Experimental studies demonstrate that LCN2 is associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and mitochondrial stress, while elevated circulating levels in humans correlate with left-ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction; however, whether LCN2 itself is causally pathogenic or reflects systemic inflammatory burden remains to be clarified in chronic kidney disease [89,90]. The gene discussed is LCN2; the disease is chronic kidney disease.