ULK1 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma: In another study by Zhou X et al. [33], it was mentioned that ART can upregulate ROS and activate the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathway in human bladder urothelial carcinoma cells (BUCs), thereby inhibiting the synthesis of Bcl-2 protein and promoting the synthesis of cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-PARP proteins, ultimately inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis through autophagy.