VEGFA and prostate cancer: Zwaans et al. reported that prostate cancer survivors with symptomatic RC showed elevated urinary levels of fibrotic and vascular proteins such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1, TIMP-2), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), highlighting the contribution of fibrosis and vascular injury to disease pathogenesis [12].