Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (1.6-2.7-fold increase) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil infiltration were strongly associated with PAH-rich PM<sub>2.5</sub>, whereas interleukin-1α (IL-1α) showed robust positive correlations with mineral components, including K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup>, which were predominantly enriched in winter PM<sub>2.5</sub>. This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and pulmonary arterial hypertension.