In 76 patients, mean Gal-3 levels in persistent AF were 17.8 ng/mL, in paroxysmal AF were 13.4 ng/mL, and control levels were ~9 ng/mL, once again confirming high specificity of the biomarker to AF phenotype [96]. The gene discussed is LGALS3; the disease is Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.