PDCD1 and neoplasm: Preclinical studies have shown benefits from the use of CSF-1R inhibitors in combination with other therapies, including ICIs like anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/anti-PD-L1 antibodies to reduce the immunosuppressive effects of TAMs and improve T cell function, and with taxane drugs to eradicate tumor cells and simultaneously prevent TAM-induced chemoresistance [13,61,67,68].