TIMP1 and cancer: These effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms, including FOXA-2- and mTORC1-dependent inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) [97,102], modulation of cAMP, ERK/MAPK-JNK, and MAPK-P38 signaling [103,104], NF-kB inhibition-dependent upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) [105], and metabolic reprograming that counteracts the Warburg effect, by which cancer cells ferment glucose to lactate despite adequate oxygen availability [106].