Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing (n = 17) and spatial transcriptomics (n = 3) were employed to delineate the cellular expression patterns of VISTA and investigate the potential immunomodulatory functions of VISTA-expressing macrophages.<h4>Results</h4>High VISTA expression was associated with an immunosuppressive TME characterised by increased infiltration of exhausted CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), M2-like macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This evidence concerns the gene VSIR and cancer.