Their products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can translocate to the liver, where they activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and foster a chronic inflammatory state that promotes steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and ultimately, HCC development (Bindels et al., 2018; Yoo et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.