INS and Insulin resistance: In parallel, fasting venous blood biochemistry should incorporate markers that capture the endocrine, inflammatory, and vascular consequences of insulin excess, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), leptin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.