Previous studies have shown that the reduced abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs)-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteroidaceae in DKD patients is closely correlated with depleted acetate levels, which are critical modulators of energy metabolism, inflammatory pathways, glucose/lipid homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity (Chen T. et al., 2022). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.