For instance, enhanced taurine, hypotaurine, tryptophan, and tyrosine metabolism ameliorates renal function and preserves kidney morphology (Li et al., 2022); elevated branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) potentiate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, accelerating renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Deng et al., 2025), and hyperglycemia-driven fatty acid (FAs) synthesis and triglyceride (TG) accumulation induce aberrant lipid metabolism, thereby increasing the risk of renal deterioration and cardiovascular mortality in T2DM (Herman-edelstein et al., 2014). Here, MTOR is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.