Hexachlorobenzene activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in an AhR-dependent manner, upregulates the expression of the cell cycle protein Cyclin D1, and promotes the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and hepatic preneoplastic lesions (de Tomaso Portaz et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and hepatocellular carcinoma.