Grube et al. observed a significant reduction in OCTN2 expression, along with elevated plasma carnitine levels, diminished fatty acid β-oxidation, and a correlation between OCTN2 expression and cardiac functional parameters (such as LVEF) in the CVB3-induced cardiomyopathy model (Grube et al., 2011). Here, SLC22A5 is linked to cardiomyopathy.