TNFRSF1A and chronic kidney disease: Prospective cohort studies across type 1 and type 2 diabetes populations have demonstrated that elevated TNFR1/2 levels—whether at baseline or over time—are independently associated with accelerated eGFR decline, progression to CKD stage 3 or higher, and increased risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), independent of albuminuria and traditional risk factors (50, 52, 53).