For instance, in the tumor microenvironment, lactylation of histones and non-histone proteins has been shown to activate genes associated with immunosuppressive phenotypes, such as Arg1 in M2 macrophages, which not only supports tumor growth but also fosters a pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive milieu (Al-Malsi et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene ARG1 and neoplasm.