Viral infection can also replicate key neuropathological hallmarks of AD in 3D human brain organoids, including increased Aβ accumulation and tau phosphorylation, as seen in HSV-1 (Abrahamson et al., 2021; Ijezie et al., 2024; Cairns et al., 2025; Oh et al., 2025) and ZIKV (Lee et al., 2022) treatments. This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and viral infectious disease.