DCX and Cognitive impairment: Because doublecortin-positive neurons contribute to synaptic plasticity and spatial memory (Toda and Gage, 2018; Gil-Mohapel et al., 2013), this finding directly supports the neurodevelopmental hypothesis for PFAS-dependent cognitive impairments detected in MWM tasks (Vorhees and Williams, 2006; Anacker and Hen, 2017; Hernández-Mercado and Zepeda, 2022).