In NSCLC, the most extensively targeted immune checkpoints are cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis, both of which play pivotal roles in regulating T cell-mediated antitumor responses (11). Here, CTLA4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.