TNF and neoplasm: The formulation achieved a near-complete reduction in HepG2 cell growth and migration in vitro, while markedly enhancing apoptosis and reducing tumor burden in vivo—as reflected by decreased nodule counts, liver-to-body weight ratio, fibrosis, serum ALT/bilirubin levels, and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) expression.