Finally, efficacy studies in tumor models, including co-injection xenografts (tumor cells + PSCs) and genetically engineered KPC (LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; Pdx1-Cre) mice, revealed that cyAV3.3 enhanced chemotherapy efficacy by reducing desmoplasia, inducing tumor vasculature lumen, and increasing cytotoxic T cells infiltration. Here, PDX1 is linked to neoplasm.