Importantly, SPS shares autoimmune associations with other conditions, particularly type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM): GAD65 autoantibodies are detected in 80 % of newly diagnosed T1DM patients (Patel et al., 2020, Balint and Bhatia, 2016), though antibody titers in SPS are significantly higher (Bai et al., 2022, Trier et al., 2022). The gene discussed is GAD2; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.