Given the heterogeneity in CRSwNP immunopathology, recent research has categorized the condition into endotypes based on distinct immune responses 26, 27: Type 1 (Th1-mediated, often associated with neutrophilic inflammation and IFN-γ), Type 2 (Th2-mediated, characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and elevated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), and Type 3 (Th17-mediated, related to IL-17 and neutrophil predominance). The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.