PDCD1 and cancer: The study revealed a significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation and CTL cell activation in the miR-497/SK-NBs+US group.The cancer cell death induced by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has been shown to be intricately linked to the enhancement of CTL activity, particularly through the increased production of IFN-γ and various cytotoxic molecules (33).