TNF and infection: To determine the influence of coexistent Ss infection on type 1, type 17, and proinflammatory cytokines in TBI, we measured the QFT supernatants levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-17, IL-22, IL-1α and IL-1β in TBI+Hel+ and TBI+Hel- individuals.