TNF and COVID-19: HUVEC stimulated with severe COVID-19 sera showed increased levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, P-selectin, sE-selectin, PECAM-1, tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and a broad range of cytokines and growth factors, such as IL-1α, IL-1Ra, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12(p40), IL-18, IL-27, TNF-α, TGF-α, FGF-2, G-CSF, M-CSF, FLT-3L, fractalkine, eotaxin, MIG, IP-10, MIP-1β, MDC, GROa and PDGF-AB/BB.