VEGFA and neoplasm: At the initiation of PMN formation, tumor cells secrete a cocktail of signaling molecules including tumor-derived growth factors (TDSF), pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) as key signal carriers (33, 34).